A mathematical model that is georeferenced to the Earth broadly describes a?

A mathematical model that is georeferenced to the Earth broadly describes a coordinate system. A coordinate system is essential for defining locations on the Earth's surface using a set of values (coordinates) that can include latitude, longitude, and elevation. This framework allows geospatial data to be accurately represented and analyzed in relation to the Earth's dimensions and geography.

In geospatial intelligence, a coordinate system is critical because it provides a standardized method for mapping various geographic features. This enables easier data sharing and integration among different datasets, as all points can be referenced using the same system.

While a geodetic framework is also relevant as it incorporates models of the Earth itself and helps to establish accurate positioning and navigation, the term "coordinate system" is more broadly used to describe the mathematical basis of that georeferencing. A spherical model refers to a way of representing the Earth but does not specifically imply a structured system used for georeferencing. Similarly, a topographical map represents physical landscape features but is not a mathematical model in the geospatial sense.