What does the term "spatial analysis" refer to?

The term "spatial analysis" specifically refers to techniques that examine the locations, attributes, and relationships of features in spatial data. This encompasses a broad range of analytical methods that focus on understanding the spatial relationships and patterns within geographic data. By employing spatial analysis, analysts can identify trends, make predictions, and derive insights based on the geographical distribution of different features.

For instance, spatial analysis could involve examining how populations are distributed across a region, how environmental factors influence urban development, or the ways in which transportation networks impact accessibility. It is integral to various fields including geography, urban planning, environmental science, and logistics, as it enables a systematic approach to understanding complex spatial phenomena.

The other choices, while related to geographic studies, do not encapsulate the full scope of what spatial analysis entails. Economic factors and demographic trends are specific applications of analysis that may or may not employ the specific methodologies of spatial analysis. Meanwhile, studying physical features of the environment focuses more on the characteristics of the land rather than the relationships and locations of various spatial datasets.